Two categories of data, elemental abundance of lunar surface by xrs and grs, and mineral composition by mi and sp. Jay melosh, and kathleen howell with the goal of expanding human presence beyond earth, subsurface. Excellent new backgrounds, details on what they been doing this last. Lem guidance, navigation, and control subsystem study guide march 1966 8. Apollo lunar module lm 22, 476 apollo lunar sample return containers alsrc 22 apollo lunar sounder experiment alse 564 apollo selfrecording penetrometer srp 508, 512, 591 apollo simple penetrometer asp 506 apollo sample summary 9 apollo samples 8, 21, 22 bulk sample 22 contingency sample 21 cores 22 documented sample 22.
Numerical simulations of the lunar penetrating radar and. These hori zons have been interpreted to represent either regolith layers or pyroclastic. Its working frequency was 5 mhz, and the estimated depth of penetration was 1. Subsurface reflectors revealed that the dark annulus dipped underneath the central imbriumaged mare fill e. The lunar water assessment, transport, evolution, and. Introduction in the last years, there has been a renewed interest in the exploration of the moon. Vehicles will be specifically designed to mine, collect and transport useful materials. Previous studies 16, 17 mapped the relationships between the broad units in.
Csar is the experiments electronics box in the service module and the optical recorder was used to record. Furthermore, the core diameter from the apollo borehole is no more than 4cm, which means that no data, other than that of lunar penetrating radar, can directly verify that there exist rock fragments with diameters larger than 4cm in the lunar regolith. Instrumentation and observation target of the lunar radar. Sounder the sounder is a 19channel discretefilter radiometer that senses specific data parameters for atmospheric vertical temperature and moisture profiles, surface and cloud top temperature, and ozone distribution. Data processing and initial results of change3 lunar. The alse apollo lunar sounder experiment also known as scientific experiment s209, according to nasa designations was a groundpenetrating radar subsurface sounder experiment that flew on the apollo 17 mission. Magnetic da ta from lunar prospector and 750 nm grayscale imagery from clementine are combined in the upper layer. Lunar radar sounder lrs experiment onboard the selene. Using lunar sounder imagery to distinguish surface from. Apollo lunar sounder experiment alse in 1972, a ground penetrating radar via the apollo lunar sounder experiment, was flown on nasas apollo 17. For example, the lunar radar sounder lrs onboard kaguya was used to detect the geological structure at depths of 45 km under the lunar surface 3, 4. In 1972, the apollo17 mission pioneered the use of spr technology in lunar exploration, and for the. Two subsurface reflecting horizons have been detected by the apollo lunar sounder experiment alse in the southern mare serenitatis which appear to be regolith layers more than 2 m thick, and are correlated with major stratigraphic boundaries in the southeastern mare serenitatis.
The apollo lunar sounder experiment alse detected two subsurface reflecting horizons in southern mare serenitatis. They completely erradicated all the mistakes of the lunars first edition. Analysis and interpretation of the apollo lunar sounder data. Lunar penetrating radar onboard the change3 mission. The lunar radar sounder lrs onboard the kaguya selene. The alse radar worked a total of hours in lunar orbit and. Pdf lunar advanced radar orbiter for subsurface sounding. Previous studies 16, 17 mapped the relationships between the broad units in the mare stratigraphy and the array and. Tworeflectorswereinferredalong eastwesttrending tracks between 14 and 27e atdepthsof0. Moon lava tubes, radar sounder, lunar pits, electromagnetic signatures. Analysis of the subsurface geology of the maria provides information on the volcanic and tectonic evolution of the oon1. The vhf and hf antennas were used by the experiment. The objectives of the apollo 17 lunar sounder experiment alse were to detect subsurface geologic structures, to generate a continuous lunar profile, and to image the moon at radar wavelengths. Aug 11, 2010 the lunar radar sounder lrs onboard the kaguya selene spacecraft has successfully performed radar sounder observations of the lunar subsurface structures and passive observations of natural radio and plasma waves from the lunar orbit.
Alse operated in two hf bands with center frequencies 5 mhz hf1 and 15 mhz hf2 and one vhf band 150 mhz, each with a bandwidth of 10% using a chirped signal. The grail data indicated that the lunar lava tubes might be 2000 m wide and several hundred kilometers long sood et al. The apollo lunar sounder experiment alse was a three channel, syntheticaperture radar experiment in operation during orbits 16, 17 and 18 of the apollo 17 rnission1,z. The alse apollo lunar sounder experiment was a groundpenetrating radar subsurface. The alse was a threefrequency, wideband, coherent radar system. Lunar radar sounder observations of subsurface layers.
Abstract we have developed a method using the apollo 17 lunar sounder imagery data which appears capable of filtering out offnadir surface noise from highland area profiles, so that subsurface features may now be detected in highland areas as well as mare areas. Lunar radar sounder observations of subsurface layers under. Earth planets space, 60, 3232, 2008 instrumentation and observation target of the lunar radar sounder lrs experiment onboard the selene spacecraft takayuki ono1, atsushi kumamoto1, yasushi yamaguchi2, atsushi yamaji3, takao kobayashi4, yoshiya kasahara5, and hiroshi oya6 1graduate school of science, tohoku university, aobaku, sendai 9808578, japan. Moon lava tubes, radar sounder, lunar pits, electromagnetic signatures, radar simulations 1. Comparison with the surface geology in the serenitatis basin implies that the prominent echoes are probably from buried regolith layers. Reports lunar radar sounder observations of subsurface. Apollo lunar sounder experiment alse carried on the apollo 17 mission 12.
The middle layers, in blue and green, are two lines of apollo lunar sounder experi ment alse radar data. The radar data from the lunar radar sounder lrs onboard. Pdf lunar radar sounder lrs experiment onboard the. Stratigraphy and structural evolution of southern mare. Pdf detection of lunar lava tubes by lunar radar sounder.
The alse resvlts background the apollo lunar sounder experiment flown on the apollo 17 mission included two adjacent easttowest tra verses across mare serenitatis. A detailed account of the background, theory, and technique of alse is reported by phillips et al. Open the computer to design a lunar miner or use the design a miner template provided. The apollo lunar sounder experiment alse flown on apollo 17 has produced profiles that are useful in the study of mare ridge systems phillips and others, 1973. A multifrequency radar sounder for lava tubes detection. A reinterpretation based on apollo lunar sounder experiment. Zupp, phd engineering directorate, retired structural engineering division nasa johnson space center, houston, tx 77058 january 20. These horizons appear to be regolith layers, 2 m thick, which correlate with major stratigraphic boundaries in southeastern mare serenitatis. In this section we study the requirements on the parameters of a radar sounder for detecting lava tubes and perform an analysis of the expected performances and detection capabilities.
Describe the job responsibilities of the project engineer, test engineer, facilities engineer and the developmental engineer. Lunar rocks and minerals are very important to the construction and longterm viability of a lunar base. Lunar strategic knowledge gaps skgs related to lunar resources 1c regolh 2. The primary objective was to detect and map variations in the lunar subsurface electrical properties and thereby determine subsurface layering and structure. Lmags operating manual, flight program 6, july 1969, trw document 111766033t000, revision 1 38 mb pdf. Radar sounding from the kaguya spacecraft has revealed subsurface layers at an apparent depth of several hundred meters in nearside maria. Instrumentation and observation target of the lunar radar sounder. Subsurface basalt stratigraphy of mare serenitatis, virgil l. Now lunars are complete characters full of options and with a nice setting, nice background, history, great knacks, charms, gifts and fury stuff. Background information is presented on the experiment and on the data products. The alse experiment verified that radar sound ing using hf range electromagnetic waves can be used to explore the subsurface structure of the moon, and these.
Recently, most of mars has been probed by radar soundings 47. A multifrequency radar sounder for lava tubes detection on. The alse a pollo lunar sounder experiment onboard the apollo 17 spacecraft 6 and the lrs lunar radar sounder onboard the selene kaguya spacecraft 7 can provide the subsurface structure data observed in the lunar mare region. The scientific objectives of the apollo lunar sounder experiment alse are 1 mapping of subsurface electrical conductivity structure to infer geological structure, 2 surface profiling to determine lunar topographic variations, 3 surface imaging, and 4 measuring galactic electromagnetic radiation in the lunar environment. A threewavelength syntheticaperture radar sar operating at 60, 20, and 2 m wavelengths was designed to attain these objectives. The nasagrumman apollo lunar module lm after descending to the lunar surface from lunar orbit, provides a base from which the astronauts explore the landing site and enables the astronauts to take off from the lunar surface to rendezvous and dock with the orbiting command and service modules csm. Keywords lunar subsurface radar sounding lunar radar sounder lrs kaguya. The four basic data products from the alse are sounding, profiling, imaging, and noise measurements. The study of the internal structure or thickness of. Estimation of the permittivity and porosity of the lunar. Research progress of surface penetrating radar applications. Reports lunar radar sounder observations of subsurface layers. Analysis and interpretation of the apollo lunar sounder. Pdf the lunar radar sounder lrs experiment onboard the selene selenological and.
As in the imager, the sounder is capable of providing full. Alse data indicate that slopes on the flanks of most lunar ridges are only a few 1o to 6o degrees, and the sense of asymmetry can reverse along the length of the ridge, alternating from one side to the other maxwell et al, 1975. Armstrong i n his authors note at the beginning of sounder, william armstrong describes sitting around his familys kitchen table when he was a child and listening to a grayhaired black man tell stories from aesop, the old testament, homer, and history. Feb, 2009 this was first realized by the apollo lunar sounder experiment alse onboard the apollo 17 commandservice module, which revealed subhorizontal layering in mare serenitatis 2, 3. A continuous radar profle from the vhf mode iso mhz is used as a detailed topographic profile across ridges in southern serenitatis, from which slopes and. Bscan analysis of subsurface radar sounding of lunar.
Composonii form and disbuti on ofi polar volatesli. The vhf antenna from the apollo 17 lunar sounder experiment extends above the service module. The objectives of the apollo 17 lunar sounder experiment alse were to detect subsurface geologic structures, to generate a continuous lunar profile. After the transfer of the spacecraft into the final lunar orbit and antenna deployment, the operation of lrs started on october 29, 2007. The alse a pollo lunar sounder experiment onboard the apollo 17 spacecraft 6 and the lrs lunar radar sounder onboard the selene kaguya spacecraft 7 can provide the subsurface structure data observed in. The lunar radar sounder lrs onboard the kaguya selene spacecraft has successfully performed radar sounder observations of the lunar subsurface structures and passive observations of natural radio and plasma waves from the lunar orbit. Csar is the experiments electronics box in the service mo. Lunar radar sounder observations of subsurface layers under the nearside maria of the moon takayuki ono, 1atsushi kumamoto, hiromu nakagawa,1 yasushi yamaguchi,2 shoko oshigami,2 atsushi yamaji,3 takao kobayashi,4 yoshiya kasahara,5 hiroshi oya6 observations of the subsurface geology of the moon help advance our understanding of lunar. In 1972, a ground penetrating radar via the apollo lunar sounder experiment, was. Instrumentation and observation target of the lunar radar sounder lrs experiment onboard the selene spacecraft takayuki ono1, atsushi kumamoto1, yasushi yamaguchi2, atsushi yamaji3, takao kobayashi4, yoshiya kasahara5, and hiroshi oya6 1graduate school of science, tohoku university, aobaku, sendai 9808578, japan. Kobayashi et al bscan analysis of subsurface radar sounding 985 100 0100 y km100 0 100 x km fig. Lunar chemical constituent is a first priority target in studying origin of the moon and chemical distribution of the inner area of primordial solar system. This nondestructive method uses electromagnetic radiation in the microwave band uhfvhf frequencies of the radio spectrum, and detects the reflected signals from subsurface structures. Attention was concentrated on the first three products, and both theory and preliminary results are presented.
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